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Education and Training in Madagascar: Towards a Policy Agenda for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction
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Foreword by: Hafez Ghanem.
Photographer: Girindre Beeharry.
ISBN-10: 0-8213-5164-8 (0821351648)
ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-5164-2 (9780821351642)
Language: English
No. of Pages: xxvi + 184
Item Identification Code (UID#): 3814
Shelving Location: Health & Education
Estimated Value: £20.00
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Education and Training in Madagascar

Towards a Policy Agenda for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction
(A World Bank Country Study)
The World Bank (2002).
Softcover Book

Abstract from Page xiii
The prospects for educational development are excellent in Madagascar today in light of the increasingly favorable policy environment for the sector. During the first half of the 1990s, public spending on education relative to the gross domestic product (GDP) declined more than 40 percent, coinciding with a five-fold rise in the country's interest payment on external debt. As the debt service burden began to ease after 1995, public spending on education began to recover, reaching the same level of spending in 2000 as at the start of the 1990s, around 3.0 percent of GDP. As the governments' efforts to reduce poverty is put into place, the sector's claim on public spending can be expected to grow, a prospect made possible in part by earmarking a significant share of the resources freed up by debt relief for investments in education. A key challenge for policy makers and managers in the sector is to transform public spending in the sector into educational outcomes that would make a significant contribution to poverty reduction. The analysis in this report identifies challenges at all levels in the formal system. An important goal in the medium term is to universalize access to basic education of reasonable quality while closely link- ing expansion of other levels and types of education and training to labor market demand. In primary education the challenges include: (a) raising the survival rates to the end of the primary cycle and reducing grade repetition; (b) rationalizing teacher allocation across schools and enhancing time use of teachers; and (c) improving student learning through adequate provision of learning materials, but especially by strengthening management of the pedagogical process. At the secondary level, the policy issues that warrant attention include: (a) expanding enrollments at a moderate pace in the lower secondary cycle, while focusing more on quality improvements than on expansion in the upper secondary cycle; and (b) taking advantage of scale economies and increasing the practice of multi-subject teaching to manage the high cost of service delivery. In the field of vocational and technical education and training, the main issue is to rationalize the supply of training services so as to reduce their costs and align them more closely to labor market demand. Finally, in higher education, the government faces two immediate issues: (a) rationalizing the system's structure in order to improve quality and responsiveness to the demand for skills in the labor market; and (b) improving personnel management, particularly that relating to compensation for over-time teaching and the use of administrative staff.

Contents
  • Contents
  • Foreword
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • Abbreviations and Acronyms
  • Executive Summary
  • 1: Demographic and Macroeconomic Context
    • The Demographic Context
    • Economic Growth and Current Conditions
    • Overall Government Finances
    • Overall Public Spending on Education
    • Prospects for Increased Spending on Education, and the Implications
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
  • 2: Coverage and Structure of the Education System
    • Aggregate Enrollment Levels and Trends
    • Public and Private Sector Roles in Education
    • Levels and Trends in Gross Enrollment Ratios
    • Grade-to-Grade Student Flow Profiles in Primary and Secondary Education
    • Indices of Overall Student Flow Efficiency
    • Policy Perspectives on Grade Repetition and Dropout in Primary Education
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
  • 3: Education Finance
    • National Spending on Education
    • A Close-Up View of Public Spending on Education in 1998
    • Levels and Patterns of Public Spending Per Student
    • Notes
  • 4: Some Aspects of Equity in Education
    • Overview of Disparities in Enrollments
    • Disparities in Patterns of Student Flow
    • Incidence of Public Spending on Education
    • Assessing the Impact of Alternative Interventions for Improving Equity
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
  • 5: Primary and Secondary Education
    • Demand for Schooling
    • Overview of the Supply of Education Services
    • Teacher Allocation Redeployment and Recruitment
    • Economies of Scale in Service Delivery
    • Learning Outcomes
    • Decentralization and Local Management of Service Delivery
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
  • 6: Vocational and Technical Education and Training
    • Historical and Institutional Context
    • Demand for Vocational and Technical Education
    • Supply of Vocational and Technical Education
    • Production of Services in the Public Sector
    • Internal Efficiency of Vocational and Technical Education
    • Transition of Technical Education Graduates to Higher Education
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
  • 7: Higher Education
    • Historical Context
    • Structure of the Higher Education System
    • Higher Education Staff
    • Internal Efficiency of Higher Education
    • Unit Costs in Higher Education
    • Student Grants
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
  • 8: Education and the Labor Market
    • Employment Income and Returns to Education
    • Output of Graduates and Their Absorption into the Work Force
    • Skills Development in the Work Force
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
  • Technical Note on Regression Models on Student Achievement
  • Appendix Tables
  • References
  • Boxes
    • 1.1: Madagascar at a glance
    • 3.1: Comparative perspectives on teacher salaries in Madagascar
    • 5.1: What has been learned from effective reform strategies in education?
  • Tables
    • 1.1: Population size and incidence of poverty, Madagascar 1962-1997
    • 1.2: Madagascar's economic performance in comparative perspective, 1970-1999
    • 1.3: Overall government revenue, Madagascar 1990-99
    • 1.4: Overall government expenditure, Madagascar 1990-99
    • 1.5: Overall public spending on education, Madagascar 1990-2000
    • 2.1: Trends in enrollments by level and type of education, Madagascar 1962-1999
    • 2.2: Share of enrollments in the private sector, Madagascar 1986-1998
    • 2.3: Gross enrollment ratios by level of education, Madagascar 1970-98 (%)
    • 2.4: Madagascar's gross enrollment ratios in comparative perspective, circa 1996
    • 2.5: Cohort survival rates, Madagascar 1992 and 1998
    • 2.6: Grade-specific enrollment rates, Madagascar 1992 and 1998
    • 2.7: Inter-cycle selection, Madagascar and selected world Regions, 1990s
    • 2.8: Repetition rates by grade and sector, Madagascar 1992 and 1998
    • 2. 9: Efficiency of student flow in primary education, Madagascar 1998
    • 2.10: Indices of student flow efficiency by cycle of schooling and sector Madagascar 1998
    • 2.11: Correlation between grade repetition in primary education and survival rates and student achievement
    • 2.12: Access to complete cycles of instruction at the primary level, Madagascar 1998
    • 3.1: Levels and trends in public spending on education, Madagascar 1990-2000
    • 3.2: Distribution of public spending on education by level, Madagascar 1990-2000
    • 3.3: Household spending on education, Madagascar 1997
    • 3.4 Government and Household Spending on Public and Private Primary Education, Madagascar, 1999
    • 3.5 Government Employees in the Education Sector, Madagascar, 1998
    • 3.6 Teacher Salaries and Distribution of Teachers by Salary Grade, Madagascar, 1998
    • 3.7 Distribution of School-Level Nonteaching Staff by Salary Grade, Madagascar, 1998
    • 3.8 Current Public Spending by Function, Ministry, and Level of Education, Madagascar, 1998
    • 3.9 Distribution of Current Public Spending on Education by Business Category, Madagascar, 1998
    • 3.10 Public Spending Per Student by Level of Education in the Public Sector, Madagascar, 1998
    • 3.11 Current Public Spending Per Student, Madagascar and Developing Regions, 1990s
    • 3.12 Decomposition of Public Spending Per Student in Public Schools, Madagascar, 1998
    • 3.13 Teacher Salaries and Pupil-Teacher Ratios, Madagascar and Developing Regions, 1990s
    • 4.1 Gross Enrollment Ratios by Province, Urban-Rural Locality, -and Gender, Madagascar, 1990-99
    • 4.2 Distribution of School-Age Population and Enrollments by Locality and Gender, Madagascar, circa 1999
    • 4.3 Disparities in Entry Rates to Grade 1, Madagascar, 1997
    • 4.4 Disparities in Rates of Survival to Grade 5, Madagascar, 1997
    • 4.5 Disparities in Grade 5 Enrollment Rates, Madagascar, 1997
    • 4.6 Incidence of Public Spending on Education among Members of a Cohort, Madagascar, 1999
    • 4.7 Incidence of Public Spending on Education, Madagascar and Developing Regions, 1990s
    • 4.8 Share of Public Spending on Education Benefiting the Poorest and Richest Population Quintiles, Madagascar and Selected Countries, 1990s
    • 4.9 Simulations of the Equity Impact of Alternative Structures of Unit Spending on Education and Student Flow, Madagascar
    • 5.1 Number and Distribution of Primary and Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.2 Provincial Distribution of Primary and Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.3 Characteristics of Public and Private Schools, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.4 Characteristics of Public and Private Primary Schools by Province, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 5.5 Public Subsidies to Private Schools, Madagascar, 1993-99
    • 5.6 Subsidized Private Schools and Teachers, Madagascar, 1993-99
    • 5.7 Student-Teacher Ratios in Primary and Secondary Schools by Sector and Locality, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.8 Provincial Regression Estimates of the Relation between Numbers of Teachers and Pupils, Primary Schools, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.9 Distribution of Public Primary Schools according to Adequacy of Teacher Complements, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.10 Regression Estimates of the Relation between Numbers of Teachers and Students in Public Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.11 Distribution of Public Secondary Schools According to Staffing Patterns, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.12 Staff Redeployment and Recruitment, Madagascar, 1997-2000
    • 5.13 Teacher Surpluses, Deficits, Redeployment, and Recruitment in Public Primary Schools, Madagascar, Late 1990s
    • 5.14 Predicted Probability of Receiving at Least One of the Primary School Teachers Recruited during 1997-2000 in Relation to Adequacy of Staffing in 1997-98, Madagascar
    • 5.15 Teacher Surpluses, Deficits, and Redeployment in Public Lower Secondary Schools, Madagascar, Late 1990s
    • 5.16 Size Distribution of Primary Schools and Teaching Arrangements in the Public and Private Sectors, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.17 Size Distribution of Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 5.18 Government Grants for Public Secondary Education, Madagascar, 1995 and 1999
    • 5.19 Teaching Loads and Subject Specialization among Secondary School Teachers, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.20 Trends in Pass Rates on National End-of-Cycle Examinations, Madagascar, 1989-99
    • 5.21 French and Mathematics Test Scores, Grades 2, 4, and 5, Madagascar, 1997-99
    • 5.22 Correlates of Combined Scores in Mathematics and French, Grade 2, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 5.23 Private School Advantage over Public Schools in Test Scores, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 6.1 Enrollments in Vocational and Technical Education and Secondary General Education, Public and Private, Madagascar, 1990-97
    • 6.2 Access to General Secondary Education and Vocational and Technical Education, by Household Quintile, Madagascar, 1997
    • 6.3 Gender Differences by Field of Vocational and Technical Study, Public Sector, Madagascar, 1990-91 and 1998-99
    • 6.4 Characteristics of Service Delivery in Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1990s
    • 6.5 Number of Institutions and Students in Public Sector Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1990-91 and 1998-99
    • 6.6 Course Offerings in Public Sector Vocational and Technical Institutions, Madagascar, 1998-99
    • 6.7 Trends in Enrollments in Public Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1990s
    • 6.8 Access to Public Vocational and Technical Education, by Province, Madagascar, 1991-92 and 1998-99
    • 6.9 Student-Teacher Ratios in Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1990-91 and 1998-99
    • 6.10 Regression Estimates of the Relation between Number of Teachers, Enrollments, and Diversity of Course Offerings, Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1999
    • 6.11 Ratio of Students to Nonteaching Staff in Public Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1998-99
    • 6.12 Current Unit Cost of Teaching Activities in CFPs and LTPs, Madagascar, 1998
    • 6.13 Unit Costs of Vocational and Technical Education as a Multiple of Unit Costs of Secondary General Education, Madagascar and Selected Countries, 1980s and 1990s
    • 6.14 Current Unit Cost by Field of Study, Madagascar, 1999
    • 6.15 Regression Estimates of the Relation between Total Cost and Size of Enrollments, Vocational/Technical Education, Madagascar, 1999
    • 6.16 Output of Graduates from Public Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1984-99
    • 6.17 Internal Efficiency of Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, Late 1990s
    • 6.18 Entry Rate of LTP Graduates into Higher Education, Public Sector Only, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 6.19 Distribution of New Entrants into Higher Education by Type of Program, Public Sector Only, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 7.1 Entry Rates to Higher Education and Trends in Enrollments by Sector, Madagascar, 1987-99
    • 7.2 Trends in Enrollments in the University Faculty Sector, Including the "Professionalized" Programs (Formations Professionnalisantes, FP), Madagascar, 1985-99
    • 7.3 Characteristics of Course Offerings in the University Faculty Sector, Madagascar, 1998-99
    • 7.4 Number of Students in Ecoles Supérieures and University Instituts, Madagascar, 1985-99
    • 7.5 Characteristics of Course Offerings in Ecoles Supérieures and University Instituts, Madagascar, 1998-99
    • 7.6 Enrollments in ISTs by Field, Madagascar, 1992-99
    • 7.7 Characteristics of Course Offerings in ISTs, Madagascar, 1998-99
    • 7.8 Enrollments in Distance Education by Field, Madagascar, 1992-99
    • 7.9 Characteristics of Private Higher Education, Madagascar, 1983-99
    • 7.10 Number of Permanent Teaching Staff in Public Higher Education, Madagascar, 1990-99
    • 7.11 Student-Faculty Ratio by Field, Madagascar, 1990-91 and 1998-99
    • 7.12 Distribution of Permanent Teaching Staff by Grade and by University, Madagascar, 1995-99
    • 7.13 Rate of Remuneration for Overtime Teaching Hours, Madagascar, 1992-2000
    • 7.14 Number of Overtime Teaching Hours in Public Universities, Madagascar, 1992-98
    • 7.15 Teaching Hours, Overtime, and Student-Faculty Ratio in Public Universities, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 7.16 Number of Administrative and Technical Staff in Public and Private Higher Education, Madagascar, 1998-99
    • 7.17 Number of Administrative and Technical Staff in Universities, Madagascar, 1990-99
    • 7.18 Number of Graduates from Public Higher Education, Madagascar, 1990-91 and 1996-97
    • 7.19 Number of Students and Repeaters in Public and Private Higher Education, Madagascar, 1989-90 and 1997-98
    • 7.20 Schooling Career of a Cohort of Entrants to Public Higher Education, Madagascar, 1996-97
    • 7.21 Unit Costs in Public Higher Education, Madagascar, Late 1990s
    • 7.22 Unit Costs in Distance Education and Traditional Higher Education, Madagascar and Selected Developing Countries
    • 7.23 Unit Costs in Private Institutions, Madagascar, 1994-95
    • 7.24 Spending on Student Aid, and Number of Students in Higher Education Receiving Grants, Madagascar, 1990s
    • 7.25 Student Grants in Public Higher Education in Relative Terms, Madagascar, 1997
    • 7.26 Share of Grantholder Students by Field, Madagascar, 1990-91 and 1998-99
    • 8.1 Trends in the Economically Active Population, Madagascar, 1993 and 1999
    • 8.2 Distribution of Employment by Sector, Madagascar, 1993 and 1999
    • 8.3 Distribution of Employment by Type, Madagascar, 1993 and 1999
    • 8.4 Salaries of Wage Earners in the Formal and Informal Sectors, Madagascar, 1999
    • 8.5 Rates of Return to Education, Madagascar, 1999
    • 8.6 Output of Graduates and Their Absorption in the Labor Market, Madagascar, circa 1999
    • 8.7 Percentage Distribution of Wage Earners by Educational Attainment Relative to Mean for Workers in the Same Occupation, Antananarivo, 1996
    • 8.8 Unemployment and Job Search Duration by Level of Education, Madagascar, 1993 and 1999
    • 8.9 Educational Attainment of the Work Force, Madagascar, 1993 and 1999
    • 8.10 Main Business Constraints Encountered by Malagasy Firms, 1998
    • 8.11 In-Service Training by Formal Sector Firms, Madagascar and Selected Countries, 1990s
    • 8.12 Predicted Probability of Participating in In-Service Training, by Educational Level and Age, Madagascar, 1999
    • 8.13 Supply of In-Service Training, Madagascar, 1996
    • 8.14 Hourly Cost of Training by Type, Madagascar, 1997
    • 8.15 Hourly Cost of Training for Skills Upgrading by Economic Sector of Training Offered, Madagascar, 1997
  • Figures
    • 1.1 External Debt Service and Public Spending on Education, Madagascar, 1990-99
    • 1.2 Relation between External Debt Service and Public Spending on Education, Madagascar, 1990-99
    • 1.3 Relation between Public Spending on Education and Expected Years of Schooling, Selected Countries, circa 1993
    • 2.1 Share of Private Schools in Primary and Secondary Enrollments, Selected Countries, circa 1996
    • 2.2 Student Flow in Primary Schooling, Madagascar and Selected Countries, circa 1993
    • 2.3 Impact of Making Complete Cycle of Instruction Available and Reducing Repetition Rate, Primary Education, Madagascar, 1998
    • 3.1 Staff Distribution by Function and Level of Education, Madagascar, 1998-99
    • 3.2 Distribution of Current Public Spending on Education by Function and Level, Madagascar, 1998
    • 4.1 Grade Attainment Profile of Cohort Age 15-19, Madagascar, 1997
    • 5.1 Relation between Number of Publicly Paid Teachers and Number of Pupils, All Public Primary Schools, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.2 Relation between Numbers of Teachers and Pupils, Public Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1998
    • 5.3 Relation between Spending Per Pupil and School Size, Public Primary Schools, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 5.4 Relation between Spending Per Student and School Size, Public Lower Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 5.5 Relation between Spending Per Student and School Size, Public Upper Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 5.6 Fourth-Graders' Test Scores, Madagascar and Selected Developing Countries, 1999
    • 5.7 Relation between Per-Pupil Spending on School Personnel and Test Scores, Public Schools, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • 5.8 Relation between Examination Pass Rates and Spending Per Student on School Personnel, Madagascar, 1998
    • 6.1 Vocational and Technical Students as Share of General Secondary Education Students, Madagascar and Selected Developing Countries, circa 1990
    • 6.2 Relation between Number of Teachers and Number of Students, Madagascar, 1999
    • 6.3 Relation between Total Current Cost and Number of Students Enrolled in Public Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1999
    • 8.1 Relation between Per Capita GNP and Share of Labor Force outside Agriculture, Madagascar and Other Developing Countries, 1995
    • 8.2 Relation between Per Capita GNP and Coverage in Higher Education, Selected Countries, circa 1995
  • Appendix Tables
    • A1.1 Government Revenue and Expenditure, Madagascar, 1990-99
    • A1.2 Public Spending on Education, Madagascar, 1990-2000
    • A3.1 Public Spending by Level of Education, Madagascar, 1990-2000
    • A3.2 Personnel in Public Primary and Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1990-2000
    • A3.3 Numbers of Government Employees by Education Sector Budget Vote, Madagascar, 1991-2000
    • A3.4 Distribution of Government Employees by Education Sector Budget Vote, Madagascar, 1991-2000
    • A3.5 GDP Per Capita and Per Worker, and Compensation of Government Employees in the Education Sector, Madagascar, 1992-98
    • A3.6 Salaries of Teachers and of Other Wage Earners with Similar Qualifications, Madagascar, 1997
    • A3.7 Distribution of Education Sector Staff by Function and Level of Education, Madagascar, 1998-99
    • A5.1 Distribution of Public and Private Sector Primary and Secondary Schools by Province, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A5.2 Percentage of Primary Schools Offering Full- and Part-Day Instruction, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A5.3 Regression Estimates of the Relation between Number of Teachers and Number of Pupils, with Provincial Dummy Variables, Primary and Secondary Schools, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A5.4 Regression Estimates of the Relation between Teacher Allocation and Number of Lower Secondary Students, Public Schools, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A5.5 Distribution of Public Primary Schools by Adequacy of Teaching Complement, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A5.6 Distribution of Public Secondary Schools by Adequacy of Teaching Complement, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A5.7 Correlates of the Allocation of Teachers Recruited for Public Primary Schools, Madagascar, 1997-2000
    • A5.8 Cost Functions by Type of Public Primary and Secondary School, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A5.9 Fourth-Graders' Scores on Monitoring Learning Achievement (MLA) Tests, 1999
    • A5.10 Second- and Fifth-Graders' Year-End Test Scores in Mathematics and French in the PASEC Survey, 1995-98
    • A5.11 Sample Characteristics of Pupils and Schools in the 1997-98 PASEC Survey, Madagascar
    • A5.12 Probit Estimates of a Child's Probability of Attending Private School, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A5.13 Correlates of Fifth-Graders' Combined Scores in Mathematics and French, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A5.14 Correlates of Second- and Fifth-Graders' Combined Scores in Mathematics and French, Public Schools, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A5.15 Logit Regression Estimates of the Relation between Pass Rates on National Examinations and Public Spending Per Student, Madagascar, 1997-98
    • A6.1 Organization of Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar
    • A6.2 Number of Institutions and Number of Students by Field of Study, Public Sector Vocational and Technical Education, Madagascar, 1998-99
    • A7.1 Number of Students by Field in University Faculties, Ecoles Supérieures, University Instituts, and ISTs, Madagascar, 1998-99
    • A8.1 Employment in the Formal Industrial Sector, Madagascar, 1994 and 1996
    • A8.2 Earning Functions, Madagascar, 1999
    • A8.3 Probability of Participation in Skills Upgrading, Madagascar, 1999
    • A8.4 Earnings Function, including Participation in Skills Upgrading, Formal Sector, Madagascar
  • Map: Madagascar

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